Catcher in the rye Essay

The novels The Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger and Ordinary People by Judith Guest are very comparable in a way; the two novels demonstrate the daily obstacles that teenagers have to overcome. In The Catcher in the Rye it is shown to us that Holden Caulfield is trying to overcome depression and in Ordinary People it is shown to us that Conrad Jarrett gets accepted by his family members and peers again and finds happiness after his depression. The loss of a sibling can have a big impact and similar effects on two different people’s lives, such as Holden Caulfield and Conrad Jarrett. Their thoughts and actions that they make are much influenced by their peers, parents or guardians, and female relationship in their lives. To begin with, in The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield does not have good relationship with his peers and instead he mainly criticizes them by thinking everyone around him is â€Å"phony†. For instance, since Holden is a â€Å"protector of innocence† he wanted to protect Jane, who is a girl that he once liked from Stradlater trying to do sexual intercourse, resulting into a fight. â€Å"†¦ [a]ll I know is I got up from the bed, like I was going down to the can or something, and then I tried to sock him, with all my might† (Salinger 43). This proves that through alienation Holden cannot get his feelings out quick enough which causes action to happen. Not only Holden uses violence to express his emotions but also Conrad Jarrett in the novel Ordinary People does the same. This can be shown when Conrad decides to attend a school swim-meet after school. As the meet ends, Conrad’s see his friends and as usual, Kevin Stillman begins to give Conrad a tough time, asking him about Jeannine. Conrad loses control and snaps by attacking Stillman â€Å"†¦ [t]he sound shattering the parking lot, the red brick wall of building behind him, the white doors, gray cement – all dissolving into broken bits of color, heading swiftly toward him as he slam his fist, hard, against that face† (Guest 143). After this conflict, Conrad realizes that he has always thought the loss of his brother only as it affects him. Next, this brings us to the theme of isolation in the context of peer relationships. In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden isolates himself from his peers. He relies on his isolation to maintain his detachment from the world and self-protection; he even often sabotages his own attempts to end loneliness. For instance, he calls out Sally Hayes for a date and urges her to run away with him to Massachusetts or Vermont, when Sally rejects him, he displays rude behavior as he states to her â€Å"[y]ou give me a royal pain in the ass, if you want to know the truth† (Salinger 133). On the other hand, Conrad opposes two types of characteristic in line with depression: a lack of feeling and a tendency towards isolation. Accordingly, Conrad creates an imaginary block between him and his peers. When he is alone, he would pull up onto his bed and â€Å"blocking out the sharp arrows of sun that pierce through the window† (Guest 10). In this way, he hides his unwanted emotions and feelings from his peers by being isolated. With the isolation between the two characters, they also lead into becoming anti-social with their peers. It is evident in The Catcher in the Rye that Holden does not have a good relationship with his peers. Holden has a strong anger against everyone and that results into having a hard time developing a relationship with peers. â€Å"Girls with lousy legs, girls that looked like swell girls, girls that looked like they’d be bitches if you knew them† (Salinger 123). This proves that Holden believes everyone surrounded by him are phonies because he cannot accept the fact that society changes. Likewise, Conrad becomes anti-social by spending more time in the library than with his friends and consequently he starts to lose his best friend Joe Lazenby. At one point in the novel, Joe Lazenby has a talk with Conrad, which ends up in an argument. Conrad then begins to feel hollow in the pit of his stomach, as if he was being punched and he thought to himself, â€Å"never mind him, screw him screw them they were all Buck’s friends anyway† (Guest 83). This suggests that Conrad is becoming more isolated and antisocial due to the loss of his brother Buck. Secondly, in addition to peer influence, Holden and Conrad are deeply affected by their relationships with their parents and guardians. To start off, Holden in the Catcher in the Rye is afraid to be seen by his parents from being kicked out of school. â€Å"I began to relax, sort of. I mean I finally quit worrying about whether they’d catch me home or not. I figured the hell with it. If they did, they did† (Salinger 163). It is apparent that the he does not want to be seen because his parents will just see him as a screw up, since his other brother D.B is more successful. This is similar to Conrad’s relationship with his parents in Ordinary People. Conrad feels that he is a disappointment to his parents, since his older brother has an image of being superior. To illustrate, â€Å"†¦ [b]ut it had been Conrad, shaken and scared who answered him, not Buck. Buck had never worried about anything† (Guest 117). Conrad is being compared to Buck, proving his weakness. Conrad is projecting a self-image of himself through his parents and which he is suggesting that he is â€Å"the problem†. As these two characters become more distant from their parents, they start receive less attention from them. In the case of Holden in the Catcher in the Rye, his parents just move him to another school instead of admitting that there may be something wrong with him. For example, â€Å" †¦ they’ll be pretty irritated about it, they really will. This is about the fourth school I’ve gone to† (Salinger 9). This indicates that Holden does not understand his parents and they do not understand him. In the same way, Conrad mostly has a hard time communicating with his mother and starts to feel isolated from her. For instance, it took Conrad one month to admit to his parents he had quit the swim team, as he was afraid of their disproval. When his parents found out, his mother becomes infuriated with him. Conrad replies and says, â€Å"I’m sure I would have told you. If you gave a damn!† (Guest 109). It is clear that the loss of Buck may have an impact on the poor communication between Conrad and his mother. It appears as though Conrad is still living in the pa st while his mother is trying to move on. Although the two characters have difficult relationships with their parents, they still have their guardians. To exemplify, Holden and his former school teacher Mr. Antolini have been friends for a long time, and the two are obviously close. It is evident Mr. Antolini cares a lot about his Holden, as he encourages him to take education more seriously and focus more on meaningful activities â€Å"I laid awake for just a couple of seconds thinking about all that stuff Mr. Antolini’d told me. About finding out the size of your mind and all. He was really a pretty smart guy† (Salinger 191). This demonstrates Mr. Antolini concerns about Holden. Similarly, Conrad is able to gain support from Dr. Berger, his psychiatrist. Conrad shows his close relationship with Dr. Berger by seeking lots of advice about his problems. For instance, Conrad was able to seek help from Dr. Berger when he was going through an emotional breakdown with his brother’s loss. Dr. Berger was able to provide comfort as he stated, â€Å"[i]t is a very far-out act of self-preservation, do you get that Con? And you were right. Nobody needs you to be Buck. It’s okay to be just you† (Guest 177). Dr. Berger ends up showing Conrad that healing from depression involves feeling anything, even anger. Lastly, Holden and Conrad each have important female figures in their lives. One of the important females to Holden would be his little ten-year-old sister, Phoebe. Phoebe helped Holden discover his problems and is the only one he trusts in his life. â€Å"Then I took my hunting hat out of my coat pocket and gave it to her. She likes those kind of crazy hats. She didn’t want to take it, but I made her† (Salinger 180). This demonstrates how much Holden trusts Phoebe because the red hunting hat was important to him during his journey. On the other hand, Conrad meets a girlfriend, Jeannine. Jeannine provides a rebuilding stage into Conrad’s life. While Jeannine is helping to rebuild Conrad’s life, Phoebe is helping Holden to resolve his problems. Although Phoebe is still young, she can tell that he needed her. For instance, Holden could not hold back and started to cry, â€Å"I couldn’t help it. I did it so nobody could hear me, but I did it †¦ she came over and tried to make me stop, but once you get started, you can’t just stop on a goddam dime† (Salinger 179). Jeannine gives Conrad the confidence required to challenge many problems. For example, â€Å"†¦ I said a stupid thing that day. I didn’t know about your brother, then. I’m sorry †¦ [t]here are worse things. People do worst things than that† (Guest 123). She lets him solves his own problems and does not get involved where she is not needed. Moreover, the girls have one similar effect on the boys; Phoebe and Jeannine makes them feel needed. To emphasize, Phoebe refuses Holden to leave for the West just to show how much she needs him. When Phoebe meets Holden, she states, â€Å"I’m going with you. Can I? Okay?† (Salinger 206). Also, when Jeannine was upset and started to cry over her mother’s new relationship with a man, Conrad was there to support her. Conrad mentioned that â€Å"[h]e feels as if he could stand here holding her forever †¦ he has never felt so strong, so needed† (Guest 159). This proves that without these females in both of Holden and Conrad’s lives, regaining and solving their problems would have been challenging. In conclusion, the lost connection in both of their lives was right in front of them the entire time. Both Holden and Conrad solved their problems with the love and forgiveness. Without their brothers that they have lost, parents and guardians, and female friends, the two main characters would not have been able to change into a better people In the end, the lesson that the two novels have taught us is that no matter what situation you are in, you will always be able to find your self and have support from many loved ones.

7-Eleven Store Experiment

Has one ever pondered the possible interest in the typical bustle and commotion of a public venue or its perceivable feel left impressed upon the customers? To truly acquire a fascination of a place or gather a perception of the environment, observation and experience are vital. For a short period of approximately thirty minutes, I observed my former employer, 7-Eleven, in the town of Old Bethpage. I even experienced the point of view of the customer by purchasing a variety of beverages and hot food. Based upon my half an hour spent at the store, I recognized a diverse culture of customers, abnormal activity, and a warm, welcoming ambiance.As my friend and I approached the 7-Eleven store in my silver two-door Honda Civic, I noticed a couple of observations. For example, the retailer was in the process of receiving a vitamin water delivery from two African American males. Also, as this process was underway, the rest of the store was buzzing with business and chatter. The Plainview Wat er District employees, decked out in blue and white shirts with bright yellow safety vests draped over their clothes, had just entered briefly and all the white males exited with each his own large coffee. While realizing the environment outside the venue, I chose a parking spot nearest the corner exit on the East side. My friend Anthony and I decided to purchase some refreshments and feel out the inside of 7-Eleven before surveying for the full time allotted.Amidst entering the building, one couldn't help but feel comfortable and at home. The employees greeted us instantaneously by means of wide smiles and enthusiasm in helping others. One tall worker named Sam persuaded me to try a flavored and even discounted the beverage when I paid. The coffee smelled of flavorful aromas. The aromas that come with fresh, smoldering coffee beans. I could smell hazelnut, french vanilla, and pumpkin spice. After fixing myself a delicious, mouth-watering pumpkin spice coffee with whipped cream and caramel, I also bought tasty, delectable, greasy wings and an Arizona iced tea. Anthony purchased an Arizona iced tea as well along with a fresh pack of Newport cigarettes. We then bid farewell to the employees, manager, and the owner too, and exited the retailer to the old familiar

Consumer Durable Insustry

Contents The impact of advertisement on the buying behavior with reference to the consumer durables 1. Introduction 2. Theoritical background of the study 1. Advertising and advertisements 2. Advertisers 3. Advertising agencies 4. Support organization 5. Media 6. Consumers 7. Advertising as marketing tool 8. Role of advertising in modern business world 1. Industry background 1. Refrigerator industry 1. Design of the study 1. Statement of the problem 2. Need for the study 3. Operational definitions of the study 1. Sources of the data 1. Data collection instrument 2. Data processing and analysis . Outcome of the study 2. Analysis and interpretation 3. Conclusion Abstract : Theses The consumer durable industry in the past few years has seen tremendous growth. Advancements in the technology, government support and increased level of interest among the private players into the industry has given rise to the healthy competition between the various brands. Different companies are using diff erent advertisement strategies for building and managing of brands. Advertising in electronic media and newspapers are key advertising areas in designing the advertising strategy.This study was carried out to identify the advertising strategies of different companies and to know the impact of advertisements on building and managing of brands in consumer durable industry. As there are many products that come under consumer durables, it is necessary to choose one product among them in order for market research. Hence this study was done in consumer durable industry in general and refrigerators in particular. This was research also done to identify the major influence of advertising in buying the favorite brand and to identify the impact of electronic media advertising on purchase decision.A structured questionnaire was used to collect the consumer responses on their awareness about different refrigerator brands, their media of information and impact of advertisement on their purchase decision. Three popular brands were mainly identified after conducting interviews with the consumers and these brands were used in the questionnaire for evoking the responses of the consumers. Random sampling was used to select the sample unit. The sample size was limited to 120 numbers selected from different source.The data collection involved taking responses from different people like, students, businessmen, housewives, executives etc also they belonged to different age groups and income groups. Tags: Impact of advertising on consumer buying behavior, Advertising and buying behavior, Impact of advertising in the modern business world More abstract from The impact of advertisement on the buying behavior with reference to the consumer durables [†¦ ] The aim of the study is to find out how effective advertisements are in making a consumer prefer a particular brand in the consumer durable industry.To find out the consumer reactions to advertisements and to the hypothesis, that â€Å"Advertisements in the TV and Print media has a significant impact on Consumers buying behavior with reference to consumer durables†, had to be tested. The other objectives were to verify brand recall and to generate advertising strategies for the companies. This study was explorative in design as it deals with consumer perception about advertisements and their effects on brand recall. [†¦ ] [†¦ ] OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Primary Objective: ? To understand the impact of advertisements on the Buying behavior of the consumers. To study the advertisements of the respondent companies, with reference to refrigerator. Secondary Objectives: ? To verify recall of advertisements/brands ? To analyze the justification of advertising expenditure. NEED FOR THE STUDY Gaining an understanding about the impact of advertisements on consumer’s buying behavior. REVIEW IF LITERATURE Before starting this study various literatures were reviewed to find out the gap that could e xist between previous study and the present one. [†¦ ] [†¦ ] This shows that advertisements in magazines get the full attention of its readers.Second, magazine advertisements are good in quality in terms of printing and color. Magazines are usually printed on the good paper that makes for an excellent reproduction of art and color work. TELEVISION ADVERTISING Though the technological breakthroughs have changed the advertising media, T. V . remains to be the largest entertaining media. Television advertising, which began only in1976, takes almost a third of that share, with the press getting around sixty percent. [†¦ ] [†¦ ] There are advertisements that are persuasive only with no fact and figure.There are advertisements that are informative only, but not appealing much. Mostly advertisements should fall between these two extremes. Advertisements for specialties like medicine s might be totally informative persuasive advertisements generally put on TV. Informativ e advertisements appear in magazines and weekend supplements of newspaper. They are put in more durable media. Some informative advertisements create a mood favorable towards a product. One more version of informative advertisements, is to present it as editorial matter, in distinguishable from the real editorial matter. [†¦ ] [†¦ Different people react to different advertisements in various ways at different times. Today, we are exposed to a large number of commercial messages than at any time in the past. Not only has the quantity of advertisements increased, even the quality of advertisements has improved very considerably over the past couple of years. Advertising as Marketing Tool Advertising is the communication link between the sellers and the buyer or the consumer. It does not simply provide information about the products and services, but also attempts at influencing people to action by on overt appeal to reason or emotion. [†¦ ]

Critique Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critique Writing - Essay Example Students tend to discuss with the lecturer about their grades. This is disheartening because a tutor can comment on student’s grades before final exams have been done. The author argues that students in Brazilian Portuguese language tend to think about their grades or result than their counterparts in America. In America, students do not discuss their grades or results instead they accept their scores and do not challenge their tutor on any grade or result. What is significant to note about American students is that they have bad classroom manners in the sense that they arrive late, turning in homework after the deadline and even answer cell phones. For them, grade is not a big issue to worry. In other universities such as MIT, students are encouraged to work hard (Byrd, 2004). What is disheartening is that students all over the world are concerned about getting good grades even if it means cheating in exam or being

Germany is the largest European consumer goods market Essay

Germany is the largest European consumer goods market - Essay Example The social market economy of Germany has made it very favorable since the formation of the federal republic. The policy makers have continuously pursued the parallel national goals of export driven economic growth as well as a national social cohesion that will ensure even the foreign investors are treated well and with respect just like the nationals of that country. This has been done through the robust system of social welfare programs. There are many government funded programs which in due time reduce economic disparities and affect every person who is in Germany. The result of this is that the citizens in Germany will be well to do and their incomes are going to be higher resulting to increased consumption and sales. When the investors from the different countries have a variety of products like the consumer goods which are not in Germany, the consumers will tend to try the new products as they have the finances. The law of demand applies here in that the higher income will increase the demand of the goods and will also go for the new products which are in the market the political leaders have shown a greater concern for the economy of the country by sacrificing to see to it that the social cohesion is obtained. Germany is the largest European consumer goods market. It has a very large population that ranges beyond 82 million people. This offers a wide market for the new goods in the form of clothe as the higher population creates a greater demand for the goods. The retail trade is the third revenue generator in Germany. The high population is in the higher proportion with the young generation who has high money volatility. They have a high definition of the new clothes and will there for favor the investments in that place. Their spending is very high especially on new things and will therefore consider taking the new consumer goods and therefore this can be a very good market. Germany is experiencing a low inflation rate. This ensures that the living standards are moderate and that the goods are not that expensive from the outside world and investments in that country. The living standards are therefore very low as compared to many other countries and therefore the spending power is very h igh. The domestic purchasing power in the recent years has experienced a stable growth even considering the economic crisis in the past few years that has seen the euro go down and some economies like that of Greece suffer but Germany has remained intact and has in fact ended up being the savior to these economies. The consumption level decreased by 0.5% in 2010, from the previous year. It is this that has made Germany one of the worlds thriving private consumer markets. [Andreas Falke, 2009] There are very many retail industries. In 2009 only, the retail revenue in the country was 398 billion which brings it at the top three retail markets in Europe together with France and UK. This has made it a home to a rich and diverse market surrounding. The small and medium sized enterprises have become part of this environment and there are more than 400,000 companies and 2.9 million employees thus making the retail sector among the most

Documented Argument on Bilingual Education Annotated Bibliography

Documented Argument on Bilingual Education - Annotated Bibliography Example This article has the necessary information required in writing an introduction of an essay because it explains terms and scenarios such as bilingual education. The article ‘Bilingual Education: Arguments For And (Bogus) Arguments Against’ by Stephen D. Krashen explores the two goals of bilingual education as well as gives the various arguments for and against the bilingual education. It also gives the evidence for bilingual program such as the results of program evaluations, the effects of past education on the performance of immigrant children and measured capacity of these children to communicate in the first language as compared to another language. It gives the characteristic of exemplary bilingual programs in details as a way of convincing the readers on the advantages of the having the bilingual education in schools. The article further explains the baseless arguments that people usually use to attack the effectiveness of the bilingual education. It also gives an opportunity for the public opinion on this form of education. The information contained in the article can be used to give further details about bilingual educa tion in school. The book Bilingual Education in New York City by Cordasco Francesco is about the people of Puerto Rica in the mainland United States. It focuses on the populace living in New York experiencing changes at the current time. The group has been trying to adjust to these changes. One of the significant changes of bilingual education is where the Puerto Ricans have to learn English as a second language. The book further shows the effects of bilingual education on their traditions as well on their children who join schools in New York. The book gives the reasons as to why they do not credit the bilingual education systems. The book also provides the various studies carried out in New York and the results as well as solutions to children from Puerto Rica to speak English. It has information that is suitable in writing an

Growth Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Growth Analysis - Essay Example Its continued innovation, which is marked by continued research and development activities has enabled it grasp customer needs and services (Ignatiuk, 2009). The move by dell Inc to develop modern technologies like the blue ray disc technology puts it strategically to the demands and preferences of global customers (Ignatiuk, 2009). Since Dell Inc sells a range of products, it has competitive advantage of economies of scale. The use of communication technology strategically puts it at a better position to create a collaborative relationship with its customers and network partners (Sigismund et al., 2009). The use of proactive marketing staff helps keep the company’s long-term objectives active. Since loyal customers are part of primary asset for organizations, Dell Inc has continued to create customer loyalty over years. This comes in terms of catering for customer needs by offering customized systems that cater for their needs. It is also noted that customer service and support is equally enhanced in Dell operations including online services. Diversification of the market is evident in several ways. Dell has been able to open up manufacturing centers in various parts of the world. This can be argued to be a key factor of targeting new and more customers (Sadler & Craig, 2003). It is also argued that its strategic management and objectives and the organizational culture reflects its mission and vision statements. With the mission of Dell being to be the most successful at bringing the finest customer experience in the market it serves, and the vision being to interact with customers in the global community and serving their needs with the changing technologies, it is apparent that dell has worked hard to accomplish

Role of Multinationals on Productivity of Firms Essay

Role of Multinationals on Productivity of Firms - Essay Example A benchmark model to contrast income from local and multinational corporations is an insight to the contribution of multinational corporations on technology spillovers that benefit local firms. However, results from the case study's contribution of multinationals on growth of firms are quite confusing with both positive and negative contributions. Pertinent questions on the issue of technological advancements attributed to multinationals perturb the numerous stakeholders in this field. Uncertainties lie on whether the technology can be used effectively, competition and the market success of the new technology (Kafouros, 2008). There is evidence of recent appraisal for multinationals with hostilities based on factors such as globalization (Gorg and Greenway, 2004). The caveat of bipartite connection of multinationals and positive effects is always present. Some authors state that these are just effects from subsidiary factors such as inflation tax, currency stability and difficulties by most communities to embrace change (Reinert, Tajan & Glass, 2008). Technology transfer and multinationals Theoretically, the fact that competitive edge given by technological superiority not only improves a firm’s productivity, but also its general economic performance is widely accepted. Kafouros (2008) looks at technology transfer to encompass techniques involving the use of better machinery. This definition is quite constrictive and does not give better insight to the varied advantages of multinationals in technology transfer. A more knowledgeable and pedagogical approach interfaces this concept with innovative organizational, technological, managerial as well as more efficient production processes. More striking, is its recent contribution to globalization and an increase in demand for better produce by consumers. Technology in this context can be looked at in the essence of a form of embodiment. It can be looked at as general information, specific information, practic e and hardware. General information involves conceptual know how on a method of operation or system. For example; learning how to operate machinery. Specific information is just as the title explains; it involves details on the whole process of a technology. For instance, information on what a software is made of, how it operates, in what instances it is used and for what purpose. Procedures are codified instructions in the operations of a certain technology. Lastly, hardware involves information in physical form for example a piece of equipment originating from the source of technology. These technology transfers are usually obtained from spill over channels (Gorg & Greenway, 2004). Imitation, competition, exports and skills acquisition from multinationals are said to be ways of improving productivity. Imitation was successfully used in most Asian countries and Latin America in the manufacturing industry (Aitken & Harrison, 1999, 618). This is more of the transfer of knowledge and should not be confused with replication (Gorg & Greenway, 2004). As noted by Freeman and Shaw (2009), the complexity of a process in conjunction with duration of exposure, greatly determine imitation. Research done by Freeman and Shaw (2009) shows that the presence of multinationals in Japan was an insight to the country’s initial engagement in exportation. The sentiments are shared by other scholars such as Grog & Greenway (2004) who state

Law Enforcement Supervision Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law Enforcement Supervision - Assignment Example Leadership and Organizational Culture Negative images and observations of people within the law enforcement organizations create an unpleasant working environment. In turn, this adversely influences organizational effectiveness, which is needed to counter crime, turmoil and other services. Society is deprived of quality and expected police services due to the unhealthy functioning of the police agencies. A prosperous, fostering working environment enables police agencies to focus on providing premium police services in a time of meager resources. Every police organization has its own unique sub-culture (Crank & Caldero, 2000). In spite of this, police organizations share certain characteristics, which make them similar due to shared experiences. All police agencies deem themselves to be paramilitary agencies, different from the mainstream community, who are required to be hyper-vigilant all around the clock (Gilmartin, 2002). Likewise, they experience tedium, are compelled to work wh ile others go on vacations, and most importantly they live through life and death experiences together. Consequently, they became bound together in an emotional culture. This culture also serves to glue supervisors to the people and agencies they serve in. Additionally, it delineates the Cop confidential conduct in relation to promotions; and the act of getting detached from one police subculture and being bound to another. John G. Serier has noted in his report, that a mutual experience amongst first-line police supervisors was ‘leaving the stock’ (Serier J. , 2003). Initially in their career, supervisors occupy the same position as line officers, working sidelong them. However, promotion to supervisor separates them from others they had worked with for years. Hence, acceptance by peers of a police officer is an integral and prized stage for them (Manning, 1989). Becoming a supervisor denotes the leave of an officer from his peer group. Additionally, it also signifies seeking acceptance of novel peers and upper level management of police agencies. Supervisory models Supervisors act as influential figures for other officers owing to various mechanisms. For instance, the command supervisory model focuses on the formal authority in the hands of supervisors. It advocates that adherence to bureaucratic standards and setting high performance standards can positively influence subordinates’ behavior (Allen & Maxfield, 1983). However, the downside is that the command model mitigates the task environment. As opposed to this, the bargaining supervisory model advocates mutual dependence of supervisors and officers. Officers need to seek small favors from supervisors such as favorable working schedules, partners, cases, departmental discipline, and the like factors. On the other hand, supervisors are dependent on subordinates’ productivity and maintain a low profile to keep out of problems. This reciprocity instead of the authoritative chain of command positively affects the behavior of subordinates. The impact of supervisors will be then equal to the benefits that will be provided to the subordinates. However, these benefits are restricted in public agencies like police organizations that are governed by civil service laws. Hence, it can be concluded that subordinates’ attitudes are modestly affected by the priorities of supervisors. Transactional leadership

Pips family Essay Example for Free

Pips family Essay In chapter one of the story we discover that Pips family is deceased, well apart from his sister. They all died from common diseases like flu and measles and other illnesses which some were treatable but, medicine was not affordable for the poor. The social conditions in the nineteenth century were unfortunate. There wasnt much medicine and there were no cure for common diseases and there was a lot of poverty, poor people had to work which includes children working in factories, there wasnt in the least of education for the poor. This all tells us that life was hard to live in Britain in the nineteenth century if you were poor. Today in Britain it is greatly different, there is less poverty, more education, affordable prices for medicine, children dont need to work to support there family, also there is the NHS health service and there is child benefit along with income support. Pip encounters an escaped convict when he goes to see his mothers grave. Pip was petrified when he saw this convict; he was an enormous man and was chained up to his legs. In those days all convicts were known as murders so when Pip met him he was horrified. Then the convict forces Pip to bring food to eat and a filer to break lose from the chains on his hands and legs. In Pips village the standard of education was important but the poor often couldnt afford it. Only the rich and wealthy families were able to afford education. Poor people werent expected to get educated in Pips village. Pip was expected to work and support his family when he was older. Pip wanted to become a black smith like Joe. Charles Dickens wants to create a miserable impression about education among the working classes. He wants to show how unfortunate children were in the working classes as they can not get any education and had to support there families. The children of wealthier families received different standard of education from the poorer families. They werent amongst the working classes, they didnt need to work to support there families they could afford education as well as medicine, which means that life wasnt bad for rich and wealthy families. Joe and Pip are extraordinarily good friends Because Joe is a fully grown man and Pip is a youngster and there relationship is very secure and close, they can talk to each other in confidence, can keep secrets from each other and support each other in any way. Joe had an extremely dreadful childhood he suffered from a lot of violence from his dad as he gave a great deal of pain to Joe and his mother by beating them. Joes dad was constantly drunk also, they were suffering from poverty. Joe explains his father and childhood to Pip. He tells him about the violence he suffered from his father this makes Pip feel uncomfortable and sorry about Joe. I was not at all at my ease this is how Pip felt, he felt anxious and confused when the time was up to go to Miss Havishams house for the arrangement. At the gates of the Satis house Pip met Estella. Estella treated Pip awfully bad. She kept on calling him boy at the end of her every sentence, this was very impolite and rude. By Estellas words and actions it made Pip feel like someone not to be complimented at even for this Pip had feelings for Estella. Estella knows that pip comes from a poor social background. She feels that he is someone that has no education and manners so she speaks to him very rudely by calling him not by his name but by boy at the end of every sentence. When Pip left the Satis house he felt like a common labouring-boy and felt more ignorant because he cried in front of Estella at the gates of the Satis. Pip was very irritated by the way Joe was dressed, which it was in his Sunday clothes and he also was irritated when Joes behaviour was very embarrassing during their meeting with Miss Havisham. Joe was trying to act smart and act like a gentleman but he made things worse by tying to say big words like Astonishing but he said it all wrong he said it like as-TON-ishing this made Pip feel more irritated and Nervous. When Joe was speaking to Miss Havisham he was addressing to Pip, Pip was trying to give him a clue to stop Joe from looking at him and to look at Miss Havisham when speaking to her but Joe was to dense to notice. This all is showing us that Pips attitude changes towards Joe; he starts feeling ashamed about Joe because he showed out Pips social and financial life at the meeting with Miss Havisham by the way he speaks and dresses. I dont think Pip should have felt this way because Joe is his close friend and he should not change his feelings and actions towards Joe just because he gets irritated at him. Now we can see that Pips social life and poverty is affecting his own character.

Construction of Identity Through Photography

Construction of Identity Through Photography This essay the researcher will attempt to document the use of fashion photography namely two sets of fashion photographers with very different styles, Guy bourdain, Helmut Newton who worked predominantly in the 70s and 80s and Richard Avedon and Irving Penn who worked predominately in the 50s and 60s. the essay attempt to show if fashion photography contributes to promoting a positive influence in constructing identity of the female viewer. To do this the essay will define the use of semiotics fashion photography, he will show techniques and models that are used to create and sell an idea to the viewer. And determine whether the majority of the ridership of editorial fashion photography are influenced positively or negatively. The average readership for Britains most popular and renowned fashion publication is Vogue Britain is 646 thousand people, the parentage age of the ridership is as followed from 17 to 19 =15 % 20 to 24 25 % 25 to 34 26 % 35 to 44 17% and 44% to above 17%, 84 % of these readers are female, there for 81 % or 523,260 readers of the publication are females between the age of 17 and 34 (Vivacom, July, 2009 [online]). The process of developing identity begins with the infants discovery of self, and becomes the focus of adolescence. Erik Erikson, identified the goal of adolescence as achieving a coherent identity and avoiding identity confusion. Identity is multidimensional and may include physical and sexual identity, and usually make commitments to their identity as they move into early adulthood. Adults may revaluate and alter certain aspects of their identity as life circumstances Change.(http://social.jrank.org/ 2006 [online]). The physical, cognitive, and social changes of adolescence allows teenagers to develop there identity that will serve as a basis for their adult lives. The emergence of abstract reasoning abilities allows adolescents to think about the future and experiment with different identities. James Marcia hypothesized that identity development involves two steps. Step one, the adolescent must break away from childhood beliefs to explore alternatives for identity in a particular area i.e. clothing. (http://social.jrank.org/ 2006 [online]). The Second step, marcoa states that the adolescent makes a commitment as to their individual identity in that area. Often adolescents begin to question their ideas and beliefs and enter a moratorium. The moratorium status is characterized by exploration of alternatives. Identity may occur at different times. For females, an important component of their identity is related to their physical appearance. Identity achievement during adolescence serves as a basis for our adult expectations and goals for ourselves. As individuals enter early adulthood they use their understanding of whom they are to develop a life span construct a link between the identity developed in adolescence and the adult self. (http://social.jrank.org [2006]). As the st atement above suggests people predominantly woman are at there most influenced at there adolescence and young adults stages. As stated a large percentage of readers of magazines such as vogue fall with in this age group of adolescent to young adult. The two main types of fashion photography in fashion magazines such as Vogue are advertising and editorial, both of these photography forms use the use of signs or semiotics, in communicating the fashion to the reader mainly a woman between the age of 17 and 34. Fashion photography speaks both the reality and illusion of garments and of bodies, and in deconstructing how these elements are organized and presented, a new language and system emerges from the photographic work (Roland bath) A sign as anything which is so determined by something else, called its Object, and so determines an effect upon a person, a sign is constructed of three inter-related parts: a sign, an object, and an interpretation, in fashion photography the sign is the photograph, this doesnt necessarily mean the focus of the image i.e. the clothing it could be the entire scene and the narrative behind it. The object might be the clothing or the jewellery but it may also be the model and the interpretation. A reading of both the previous factors, take for example the photograph below by renowned fashion photography Corrine day. Plate 1 Corrine Day, 2007 Stem Golden Years, Vogue UK This is an example of an editorial fashion photograph. If this image were to be red as a sign first of all the image must be broken down first of all the sign the two dimensional object of a three dimensional seen, in the image the reader can see facts, the location is the London tube system it is between the hours of 7 am and 12 pm as we can see the train in the background and the train only runs between this time we can tell even with out knowing about the photographer we can tell that the image was taken between the 20th century and present day as this is when the tube was made. We can also see that the image included strobe flash as the models movement has been frozen yet the trains movement is blurred this also suggests that the image was taken between this time as the electronic flash was also created in this time. All these facts start to tell as story a narrative and sets up the stage for The object being the clothes and the model. Models play a key part in selling the item as well as the ideal, and research shown in; The influence of fashion magazines on the body image satisfaction of college women: an exploratory analysis by Sherry L. Turner,  Heather Hamilton,  Meija Jacobs,  Laurie M. Angood,  Deanne Hovde Dwyer has sets out to find if women are influenced negatively by fashion magazines. The research shows work by Sheldon and Stevens done in the 1940s; the research found that ectomorphic (having a build with little fat or muscle but with long limbs) individuals were perceived negatively. By the late 1980s, the perception had shifted. Ectomorphics were considered to be the most sexually appealing. The research states that in 1978, mean weight of models has dropped to 84% of the population mean, and among the Miss America Pageant contestants: Prior to 1970, mean weight of the contestants was approximately 88% of the population norm The research shows that these figures are consistent with the courage ousness of models appearing in Vogue from 1901 to 1981. A study done in this research proves that adolescent to young women are influenced by fashion magazines, the experiment took 49 undergraduate females enrolled in a psychology course at a New England womens college. 24 were assigned to the fashion magazine group, and 25 were assigned to the news magazine group. tests revealed no significant differences in the mean height, weight, or age of the two groups .Eight magazines were chose on the basis of its popularity and availability Four that had reputations of fashion and models Vogue, Bazaar, Elle, and Allure. And four news magazines used in the control Time, News week, News World Report, and Business Week. The participants were then assessed on perceptions of their bodies and their dieting attitudes. Examples of these questions are: I am very frustrated about my weight; I am afraid of getting fat; and I diet to improve my looks. Participants were then asked to indicate which of the eight magazines they read prior to completing the questionnaire. A three-part, self-administered questionnaire was used to assess womens body image satisfaction. The first portion of the questionnaire consisted of adult figure drawings designed and illustrated by Stunkard, Sorenson, and Schulsinger (1980). Each participant was asked to examine nine female silhouettes of varying size and to indicate the figure that most clearly reflected her perceptions of her own body type, her ideal body type, and the body type considered to be most ideal by society. A nine-point scale was used, with the lowest numbers corresponding to the thinnest silhouettes. The applicants were then asked to wait in a waiting room one at a time four magazines were placed in front of them. For half of the participants, the waiting room contained news magazines and for the half, there were fashion magazines. After 13 minutes, participants were given the questionnaire to complete. Unlimited time was given for completion. Ten participants indicated on their questionnaire that they did not read a magazine while waiting. These students were eliminated from the data analyses. The resulting sample consisted of 18 (37%) participants in the fashion magazine condition and 21 (43%) in the news magazine condition. The research results prove what they hypothesised. Ideal weight differed for the two groups. Women who viewed fashion magazines perceived a lower ideal weight than did women who viewed news magazines. Women who viewed fashion magazines reported more frequently feeling very frustrated about their weight, weighing themselves more than once a week, exercising only to lose weight feeling guilty while eating, feeling guilty after eating, being preoccupied with the desire to be thinner and being afraid of getting fat, Similarly, when compared to women who viewed news magazines, those who viewed fashion magazines less frequently reported being pleased about their bodies, and feeling satisfied with the shape of their bodies. This research has proven that the media has is influential to adolescent and young women it shows that the fashion magazine show and ideal rather than a reflection of societies perception of the female form. These results shows that the models in the photographs have a philological effect on the women that view and therefore read them, this leads to the interpretation the interpretation is a reading of both the previous factors the sign and the object, if the target audience i.e. woman 17 to 30 years of age Weston hemisphere middle income, feels jealousy for the shape and figure of the woman they will associate the clothes she is wearing with the model her self i.e. (if I want to be like her I have to get those clothes) or in other fashion photographs like the one below by renowned British fashion photographer Norman Parkinson, the images often show a glamorous location i.e. beaches far away cities such as New York Paris etc this adds another layer to the sign if people associate the object with the sign or the model and clothing with the location there interpretation may be that if I want to be like that model and have that life style then I have to get the clothes. Plate 2 Norman Parkinson, 1980, Pilar Crespi As the research earlier stated by the late 1980s, the perception had shifted ectomorphics were now considered to be the most sexually appealing, the research shows that fashion magazines changed from using larger models to thinner ones during two prominent fashion photographer working in this time were Guy bourdin and Helmut Newton. Guy Bourdin, Gaby wood from the observer says trailblazing image-maker of the Seventies and eighties, doyen of photographic perversion, godfather of countless images we see in magazines and advertising today. Bourdin pioneered what might be called the new soft porn the acceptable face of sex to sell anything, an aesthetic too knowing, too caught up in unveiling the world of the fetish, to be actually pornographic. (The Observer, 2003) Gaby reiterates the point that this photographer although giving a lot of new ideas and style to the fashion photography industry, is somewhat responsible for the change of models in fashion photography and along with other photographers of the 80s set the theme of models getting thinner in fashion photography. Plate 3 Guy Bourdin (1983) The Guy Bourdin Estate, 2003 The image above is a prime example of guy bourdin image, typically containing naked or semi naked women and featuring shoes the main focus of the image is the body, bourdin heavily crops a large amount of his work focusing on the body rather than the persons (models) face. When looking at this photograph it is hard to concentrate on any thing but the vivid colours of the objet the fashion and the purposely lit models, the back ground has been lit but with a much lower ratio than the models again drawing the focus to the body. Helmut Newton was another renowned fashion photographer that worked in the 60s 70s and 1980s Newtons work like bourdins in controversial and provocative. More than often the images contained naked females, His works appeared in magazines including, most significantly, French Vogue. Plate 4 Helmut Newton (1998) Mugler Above is a prime example of Newtons work often shot in black and white in high contrast the female is presented square on and the clothing has a relation to sadomasochistic and the fetish. The model is corseted witch exemplifies the narrow thin shape of the model. SM is a fashion statement today because of him (Independent on Sunday,  May 2001). Although a lot is wrote about Helmuts work being sexist, exploitative and misogynist but Helmuts wife renowned photographer Alice springs whom edited and curate Helmuts books and exhibitions says that he gives women power. The chains, whips and handcuffs are jokes, These women are no victims (Independent on Sunday,  May, 2001) further more The Barbican curator Tomoko Sato, who collaborated on the exhibition with June, its Guest Curator, says they define the role of women as commanding partner rather than passive object(Independent on Sunday,  May, 2001) in contrast to the work of guy bourdin and Helmut Newton the researcher will now show and discus how the work of fashion photographers who worked primarily in the 1940s and 1950 features models and signs and themes much different to the ones of the 70s and 80s the photographer that will be discussed are Richard Avedon and Irvin Penn. Richard Avedon shot the Paris collections for almost 40 years, and was staff photographer for  Vogue  from 1966 until 1990, Known for bringing the fashion models of the day, including and Sunny Harnett, to life, Richard Avedon injected a previously unseen vibrancy into the medium of fashion photography.  (JO CRAVEN 22 April, 2008) Plate 5 Richard Avedon (1950s) Above is an image by Avedon taken in 1957 of model Carmen DellOrefice. The image following the style of the time features the model looking curvy and not stick thin confirming the results of the tests of the students. Avedon used models like this through his carrier. Irvin Penn was another photographer working in fashion photography industry during the 50s and 60s Penn was 26 when he began working for vogue, photographic covers for the fashion magazine  Vogue. He began photographing his own ideas for covers and soon established himself as a fashion photographer. His austere fashion images communicated elegance and luxury through compositional refinement and clarity of line rather than through the use of elaborate props and backdrops. (1994-2010 Encyclopaedia Britannica,) Andy Gruenberg wrights in the New York times one of the 20th centurys most prolific and influential photographers of fashion and the famous, whose signature blend of classical elegance and cool minimalism was recognizable to magazine readers and museum goers worldwide. Plate 6 Irving Penn. 1950, Vogue America Cover Above is an example of Penns fashion work, again notice the size and shape of the model this image taken in the 1950 for a American vogue cover. Reiterating the point made in the studies and again contrasting the work and change in model shape by the 1980s Conclusion It would apeer that there was a shift in the way that the media fashion photography in particular presenter and advertised an ideal towards it main demographic the research has shown the effects of this change with studys. It has also suggested ways in with this is achieved i.e. semiotics the researcher then applied these rules in semiotics to fashion photography works. Noted fashion photographers were then selected and shown and compared for their noted works in the decades witch they predominantly worked. Over all I believe that the essay proves and highlights the point that it set out to do but more research to reiterate the findings would have been preferred to give the argument more definition. Also more research in to other metered of philology towards the model and advertising could have strengthened the argument more so.